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2026-05-23

What counts as healthy? Key benchmarks and thresholds

The reference lines that turn a raw number into a judgement — the 3% deficit and 60% debt limits, the ECB's 2% inflation target, and more.

A number on its own rarely tells you whether a country is doing well. These widely used reference points give the figures meaning.

Fiscal: the Maastricht limits

Prices: the ECB target

The ECB aims for inflation of 2% over the medium term. Persistently above 2% erodes the purchasing power of savings and wages; well below can signal a weak economy.

Labour

There is no official line for unemployment, but rates in the low single digits are generally considered healthy, while double digits indicate slack and hardship.

On the rankings, treat these thresholds as a traffic light: comfortably inside the limit is reassuring, near it is worth watching, beyond it is a strain.

#guide